What is a study in IGCSE Biology on Part 1 teest?
Content
Candidates study the following topics:
Candidates study the following topics:
1 Characteristic and classification of living organisms
2 Organisation of the organism
3 Movement in and out of cells
4 Biological molecules
5 Enzymes
6 Plant nutrition
7 Human nutrition
8 Transport in plants
9 Transport in animals
10 Diseases and immunity
11 Gas exchange in humans
12 Respiration
13 Excretion in humans
14 Coordination and response
15 Drugs
16 Reproduction
17 Inheritance
18 Variation and selection
19 Organisms and their environment
20 Biotechnology and genetic engineering
21 Human influences on EcosystemsScientific subjects are, by their nature, experimental. Learners should pursue a fully integrated courseΒ which allows them to develop their practical skills by carrying out practical work and investigationsΒ within all of the topics listed.
2 Organisation of the organism
3 Movement in and out of cells
4 Biological molecules
5 Enzymes
6 Plant nutrition
7 Human nutrition
8 Transport in plants
9 Transport in animals
10 Diseases and immunity
11 Gas exchange in humans
12 Respiration
13 Excretion in humans
14 Coordination and response
15 Drugs
16 Reproduction
17 Inheritance
18 Variation and selection
19 Organisms and their environment
20 Biotechnology and genetic engineering
21 Human influences on EcosystemsScientific subjects are, by their nature, experimental. Learners should pursue a fully integrated courseΒ which allows them to develop their practical skills by carrying out practical work and investigationsΒ within all of the topics listed.
1 Characteristic and classification of living organisms
1.1 Characteristics of living organisms
Core
β’ Describe the characteristics of living organisms by defining the terms:
β movement as an action by an organism causing a change of position or place
β respiration as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy
β sensitivity as the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment
β growth as a permanent increase in size
β reproduction as the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
β excretion as removal from organisms of toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements
β nutrition as taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
β’ Describe the characteristics of living organisms by defining the terms:
β movement as an action by an organism causing a change of position or place
β respiration as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy
β sensitivity as the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment
β growth as a permanent increase in size
β reproduction as the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
β excretion as removal from organisms of toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements
β nutrition as taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
Supplement
β’ Define the terms:
β movement as an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
β respiration as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
β sensitivity as the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses
β growth as a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
β excretion as removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxic materials, and substances in excess of requirements
β nutrition as taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and ions and usually need water1.2 Concept and use of a classification system
β’ Define the terms:
β movement as an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
β respiration as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
β sensitivity as the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses
β growth as a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
β excretion as removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxic materials, and substances in excess of requirements
β nutrition as taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and ions and usually need water1.2 Concept and use of a classification system
Core
β’ State that organisms can be classified into groups by the features that they share
β’ Define species as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
β’ Define and describe the binomial system of naming species as an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species
β’ State that organisms can be classified into groups by the features that they share
β’ Define species as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
β’ Define and describe the binomial system of naming species as an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species
Supplement
β’ Explain that classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships
β’ Explain that classification is traditionally based on studies of morphology and anatomy
β’ Explain that the sequences of bases in DNA and of amino acids in proteins are used as a more accurate means of classification
β’ Explain that organisms which share a more recent ancestor (are more closely related) have base sequences in DNA that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor1.3 Features of organisms
β’ Explain that classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships
β’ Explain that classification is traditionally based on studies of morphology and anatomy
β’ Explain that the sequences of bases in DNA and of amino acids in proteins are used as a more accurate means of classification
β’ Explain that organisms which share a more recent ancestor (are more closely related) have base sequences in DNA that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor1.3 Features of organisms
Core
β’ List the features in the cells of all living organisms, limited to cytoplasm, cell membrane and DNA as genetic material
β’ List the main features used to place animals and plants into the appropriate kingdoms
β’ List the main features used to place organisms into groups within the animal kingdom, limited to:
β the main groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish
β the main groups of arthropods: myriapods, insects, arachnids, crustaceans
β’ List the features in the cells of all living organisms, limited to cytoplasm, cell membrane and DNA as genetic material
β’ List the main features used to place animals and plants into the appropriate kingdoms
β’ List the main features used to place organisms into groups within the animal kingdom, limited to:
β the main groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish
β the main groups of arthropods: myriapods, insects, arachnids, crustaceans
Supplement
β’ List the features in the cells of all living organisms, limited to ribosomes for protein synthesis and enzymes involved in respiration
β’ List the main features used to place all organisms into one of the five kingdoms: Animal, Plant, Fungus, Prokaryote, Protoctist
β’ List the main features used to place organisms into groups within the plant kingdom, limited to ferns and flowering plants (dicotyledons and monocotyledons)
β’ List the features of viruses, limited to protein coat and genetic material1.4 Dichotomous keys
Core
β’ Construct and use simple dichotomous keys based on easily identifiable features
β’ List the features in the cells of all living organisms, limited to ribosomes for protein synthesis and enzymes involved in respiration
β’ List the main features used to place all organisms into one of the five kingdoms: Animal, Plant, Fungus, Prokaryote, Protoctist
β’ List the main features used to place organisms into groups within the plant kingdom, limited to ferns and flowering plants (dicotyledons and monocotyledons)
β’ List the features of viruses, limited to protein coat and genetic material1.4 Dichotomous keys
Core
β’ Construct and use simple dichotomous keys based on easily identifiable features
2 Organisation of the organism
2.1 Cell Structure and organisation
Core
β’ Describe and compare the structure of a plant cell with an animal cell, as seen under a light microscope, limited to cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, vacuoles and location of the cell membrane
β’ State the functions of the structures seen under the light microscope in the plant cell and in the animal cell
β’ Describe and compare the structure of a plant cell with an animal cell, as seen under a light microscope, limited to cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, vacuoles and location of the cell membrane
β’ State the functions of the structures seen under the light microscope in the plant cell and in the animal cell
Supplement
β’ State that the cytoplasm of all cells contains structures, limited to ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles
β’ State that almost all cells, except prokaryotes, have mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum
β’ Identify mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum in diagrams and images of cells
β’ State that aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria
β’ State that cells with high rates of metabolism require large numbers of mitochondria to provide sufficient energy2.2 Levels of organisation
β’ State that the cytoplasm of all cells contains structures, limited to ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles
β’ State that almost all cells, except prokaryotes, have mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum
β’ Identify mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum in diagrams and images of cells
β’ State that aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria
β’ State that cells with high rates of metabolism require large numbers of mitochondria to provide sufficient energy2.2 Levels of organisation
Core
β’ Relate the structure of the following to their
functions:
β ciliated cells β movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi
β root hair cells β absorption
β xylem vessels β conduction and support
β palisade mesophyll cells β photosynthesis
β nerve cells β conduction of impulses
β red blood cells β transport of oxygen
β sperm and egg cells β reproduction
β’ Define tissue as a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function
β’ Define organ as a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions
β’ Define organ system as a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions
β’ State examples of tissues, organs and organ systems from sections 6 to 16
β’ Identify the different levels of organisation in drawings, diagrams and images of familiar material
β’ Relate the structure of the following to their
functions:
β ciliated cells β movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi
β root hair cells β absorption
β xylem vessels β conduction and support
β palisade mesophyll cells β photosynthesis
β nerve cells β conduction of impulses
β red blood cells β transport of oxygen
β sperm and egg cells β reproduction
β’ Define tissue as a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function
β’ Define organ as a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions
β’ Define organ system as a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions
β’ State examples of tissues, organs and organ systems from sections 6 to 16
β’ Identify the different levels of organisation in drawings, diagrams and images of familiar material
Supplement
β’ Identify the different levels of organisation in drawings, diagrams and images of unfamiliar material2.3 Size of specimens
β’ Identify the different levels of organisation in drawings, diagrams and images of unfamiliar material2.3 Size of specimens
Core
β’ Calculate the magnification and size of biological specimens using millimetres as units
β’ Calculate the magnification and size of biological specimens using millimetres as units
Supplement
β’ Calculate the magnification and size of biological specimens using millimetres and micrometres as units3 Movement in and out of cells
3.1 Diffusion
β’ Calculate the magnification and size of biological specimens using millimetres and micrometres as units3 Movement in and out of cells
3.1 Diffusion
Core
β’ Define diffusion as the net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement
β’ Describe the importance of diffusion of gases and solutes
β’ State that substances move into and out of cells by diffusion through the cell membrane
β’ Define diffusion as the net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement
β’ Describe the importance of diffusion of gases and solutes
β’ State that substances move into and out of cells by diffusion through the cell membrane
Supplement
β’ State that the energy for diffusion comes from the kinetic energy of random movement of molecules and ions
β’ Investigate the factors that influence diffusion, limited to surface area, temperature, concentration gradients and distance3.2 Osmosis
β’ State that the energy for diffusion comes from the kinetic energy of random movement of molecules and ions
β’ Investigate the factors that influence diffusion, limited to surface area, temperature, concentration gradients and distance3.2 Osmosis
Core
β’ State that water diffuses through partially permeable membranes by osmosis
β’ State that water moves in and out of cells by osmosis through the cell membrane
β’ Investigate and describe the effects on plant tissues of immersing them in solutions of different concentrations
β’ State that plants are supported by the pressure of water inside the cells pressing outwards on the cell wall
β’ State that water diffuses through partially permeable membranes by osmosis
β’ State that water moves in and out of cells by osmosis through the cell membrane
β’ Investigate and describe the effects on plant tissues of immersing them in solutions of different concentrations
β’ State that plants are supported by the pressure of water inside the cells pressing outwards on the cell wall
Supplement
β’ Define osmosis as the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membrane
β’ Explain the effects on plant tissues of immersing them in solutions of different concentrations by using the terms turgid, turgor pressure, plasmolysis and flaccid
β’ Explain the importance of water potential and osmosis in the uptake of water by plants
β’ Explain the importance of water potential and osmosis on animal cells and tissues
β’ Explain how plants are supported by the turgor pressure within cells, in terms of water pressure acting against an inelastic cell wall3.3 Active transport
β’ Define osmosis as the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membrane
β’ Explain the effects on plant tissues of immersing them in solutions of different concentrations by using the terms turgid, turgor pressure, plasmolysis and flaccid
β’ Explain the importance of water potential and osmosis in the uptake of water by plants
β’ Explain the importance of water potential and osmosis on animal cells and tissues
β’ Explain how plants are supported by the turgor pressure within cells, in terms of water pressure acting against an inelastic cell wall3.3 Active transport
Core
β’ Define active transport as the movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy from respiration
β’ Define active transport as the movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy from respiration
Supplement
β’ Discuss the importance of active transport as a process for movement across membranes:
β e.g. ion uptake by root hairs and uptake of glucose by epithelial cells of villi and kidney tubules
β’ Explain how protein molecules move particles across a membrane during active transport4 Biological molecules
4.1 Biological molecules
β’ Discuss the importance of active transport as a process for movement across membranes:
β e.g. ion uptake by root hairs and uptake of glucose by epithelial cells of villi and kidney tubules
β’ Explain how protein molecules move particles across a membrane during active transport4 Biological molecules
4.1 Biological molecules
Core
β’ List the chemical elements that make up:
β carbohydrates
β fats
β proteins
β’ State that large molecules are made from smaller molecules, limited to:
β starch and glycogen from glucose
β cellulose from glucose
β proteins from amino acids
β fats and oils from fatty acids and glycerol
β’ Describe the use of:
β iodine solution to test for starch
β Benedictβs solution to test for reducing sugars
β biuret test for proteins
β ethanol emulsion test for fats and oils
β DCPIP test for vitamin C
β’ List the chemical elements that make up:
β carbohydrates
β fats
β proteins
β’ State that large molecules are made from smaller molecules, limited to:
β starch and glycogen from glucose
β cellulose from glucose
β proteins from amino acids
β fats and oils from fatty acids and glycerol
β’ Describe the use of:
β iodine solution to test for starch
β Benedictβs solution to test for reducing sugars
β biuret test for proteins
β ethanol emulsion test for fats and oils
β DCPIP test for vitamin C
Supplement
β’ Explain that different sequences of amino acids give different shapes to protein molecules
β’ Relate the shape and structure of protein molecules to their function, limited to the active site of enzymes and the binding site of antibodies4.1 Biological molecules continued
β’ Explain that different sequences of amino acids give different shapes to protein molecules
β’ Relate the shape and structure of protein molecules to their function, limited to the active site of enzymes and the binding site of antibodies4.1 Biological molecules continued
Core
β’ State that water is important as a solvent
β’ State that water is important as a solvent
Supplement
β’ Describe the structure of DNA as:
β two strands coiled together to form a double helix
β each strand contains chemicals called bases
β cross-links between the strands are formed by pairs of bases
β the bases always pair up in the same way: A with T, and C with G (full names are not required)
β’ Describe the roles of water as a solvent in organisms with respect to digestion, excretion and transport5 Enzymes
5.1 Enzymes
β’ Describe the structure of DNA as:
β two strands coiled together to form a double helix
β each strand contains chemicals called bases
β cross-links between the strands are formed by pairs of bases
β the bases always pair up in the same way: A with T, and C with G (full names are not required)
β’ Describe the roles of water as a solvent in organisms with respect to digestion, excretion and transport5 Enzymes
5.1 Enzymes
Core
β’ Define the term catalyst as a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction
β’ Define enzymes as proteins that function as biological catalysts
β’ Describe why enzymes are important in all living organisms in terms of reaction speed necessary to sustain life
β’ Describe enzyme action with reference to the complementary shape of an enzyme and its substrate and the formation of a product (knowledge of the term active site is not required)
β’ Investigate and describe the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme activity
β’ Define the term catalyst as a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction
β’ Define enzymes as proteins that function as biological catalysts
β’ Describe why enzymes are important in all living organisms in terms of reaction speed necessary to sustain life
β’ Describe enzyme action with reference to the complementary shape of an enzyme and its substrate and the formation of a product (knowledge of the term active site is not required)
β’ Investigate and describe the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme activity
Supplement
β’ Explain enzyme action with reference to the active site, enzyme-substrate complex, substrate and product
β’ Explain the specificity of enzymes in terms of the complementary shape and fit of the active site with the substrate
β’ Explain the effect of changes in temperature on enzyme activity in terms of kinetic energy, shape and fit, frequency of effective collisions and denaturation
β’ Explain the effect of changes in pH on enzyme activity in terms of shape and fit and denaturation6 Plant nutrition
β’ Explain enzyme action with reference to the active site, enzyme-substrate complex, substrate and product
β’ Explain the specificity of enzymes in terms of the complementary shape and fit of the active site with the substrate
β’ Explain the effect of changes in temperature on enzyme activity in terms of kinetic energy, shape and fit, frequency of effective collisions and denaturation
β’ Explain the effect of changes in pH on enzyme activity in terms of shape and fit and denaturation6 Plant nutrition
6.1 Photosynthesis
Core
β’ Define photosynthesis as the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light
β’ State the word equation for photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water β glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll
β’ Investigate the necessity for chlorophyll, light and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, using appropriate controls
β’ Investigate and describe the effects of varying light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis, e.g. in submerged aquatic plants
β’ Define photosynthesis as the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light
β’ State the word equation for photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water β glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll
β’ Investigate the necessity for chlorophyll, light and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, using appropriate controls
β’ Investigate and describe the effects of varying light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis, e.g. in submerged aquatic plants
Supplement
β’ State the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis6CO 6 2 2 H O chlorophyll C H6 12 6 O 6O2
β’ State the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis6CO 6 2 2 H O chlorophyll C H6 12 6 O 6O2
β’ Explain that chlorophyll transfers light energy into chemical energy in molecules, for the synthesis of carbohydrates
β’ Outline the subsequent use and storage of the carbohydrates made in photosynthesis
β’ Define the term limiting factor as something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processes
β’ Identify and explain the limiting factors of photosynthesis in different environmental conditions
β’ Describe the use of carbon dioxide enrichment, optimum light and optimum temperatures in glasshouses in temperate and tropical countries
β’ Use hydrogen carbonate indicator solution to investigate the effect of gas exchange of an aquatic plant kept in the light and in the dark
6.2 Leaf structure
Core
β’ Identify chloroplasts, cuticle, guard cells and stomata, upper and lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles, xylem and phloem in leaves of a dicotyledonous plant
β’ Identify chloroplasts, cuticle, guard cells and stomata, upper and lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles, xylem and phloem in leaves of a dicotyledonous plant
Supplement
β’ Explain how the internal structure of a leaf is adapted for photosynthesis6.3 Mineral requirements
Core
β’ Describe the importance of:
β nitrate ions for making amino acids
β magnesium ions for making chlorophyll
Supplement
β’ Explain the effects of nitrate ion and magnesium ion deficiency on plant growth
β’ Explain how the internal structure of a leaf is adapted for photosynthesis6.3 Mineral requirements
Core
β’ Describe the importance of:
β nitrate ions for making amino acids
β magnesium ions for making chlorophyll
Supplement
β’ Explain the effects of nitrate ion and magnesium ion deficiency on plant growth
7 Human nutrition
7.1 Diet
7.1 Diet
Core
β’ State what is meant by the term balanced diet for humans
β’ Explain how age, gender and activity affect the dietary needs of humans including during pregnancy and whilst breast-feeding
β’ Describe the effects of malnutrition in relation to starvation, constipation, coronary heart disease, obesity and scurvy
β’ List the principal sources of, and describe the dietary importance of:
β carbohydrates
β fats
β proteins
β vitamins, limited to C and D
β mineral salts, limited to calcium and iron
β fibre (roughage)
β water
β’ State what is meant by the term balanced diet for humans
β’ Explain how age, gender and activity affect the dietary needs of humans including during pregnancy and whilst breast-feeding
β’ Describe the effects of malnutrition in relation to starvation, constipation, coronary heart disease, obesity and scurvy
β’ List the principal sources of, and describe the dietary importance of:
β carbohydrates
β fats
β proteins
β vitamins, limited to C and D
β mineral salts, limited to calcium and iron
β fibre (roughage)
β water
Supplement
β’ Explain the causes and effects of vitamin D and iron deficiencies
β’ Explain the causes and effects of protein-energy malnutrition, e.g. kwashiorkor and marasmus7.2 Alimentary canal
β’ Explain the causes and effects of vitamin D and iron deficiencies
β’ Explain the causes and effects of protein-energy malnutrition, e.g. kwashiorkor and marasmus7.2 Alimentary canal
Core
β’ Define ingestion as the taking of substances, e.g. food and drink, into the body through the mouth
β’ Define mechanical digestion as the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules
β’ Define chemical digestion as the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules
β’ Define absorption as the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood
β’ Define assimilation as the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells
β’ Define egestion as the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as faeces, through the anus
β’ Describe diarrhoea as the loss of watery faeces
β’ Outline the treatment of diarrhoea using oral rehydration therapy
β’ Describe cholera as a disease caused by a bacterium
β’ Identify the main regions of the alimentary canal and associated organs, limited to mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum and ileum), pancreas, liver, gall bladder and large intestine (colon, rectum, anus)
β’ Describe the functions of the regions of the alimentary canal listed above, in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of food
β’ Define ingestion as the taking of substances, e.g. food and drink, into the body through the mouth
β’ Define mechanical digestion as the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules
β’ Define chemical digestion as the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules
β’ Define absorption as the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood
β’ Define assimilation as the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells
β’ Define egestion as the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as faeces, through the anus
β’ Describe diarrhoea as the loss of watery faeces
β’ Outline the treatment of diarrhoea using oral rehydration therapy
β’ Describe cholera as a disease caused by a bacterium
β’ Identify the main regions of the alimentary canal and associated organs, limited to mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum and ileum), pancreas, liver, gall bladder and large intestine (colon, rectum, anus)
β’ Describe the functions of the regions of the alimentary canal listed above, in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of food
Supplement
β’ Explain that the cholera bacterium produces a toxin that causes secretion of chloride ions into the small intestine, causing osmotic movement of water into the gut, causing diarrhoea, dehydration and loss of salts from blood
7.3 Mechanical digestion
β’ Explain that the cholera bacterium produces a toxin that causes secretion of chloride ions into the small intestine, causing osmotic movement of water into the gut, causing diarrhoea, dehydration and loss of salts from blood
7.3 Mechanical digestion
Core
β’ Identify the types of human teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars)
β’ Describe the structure of human teeth, limited to enamel, dentine, pulp, nerves and cement, as well as the gums
β’ Describe the functions of the types of human teeth in mechanical digestion of food
β’ State the causes of dental decay in terms of a coating of bacteria and food on teeth, the bacteria respiring sugars in the food, producing acid which dissolves the enamel and dentine
β’ Describe the proper care of teeth in terms of diet and regular brushing7.4 Chemical digestion
β’ Identify the types of human teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars)
β’ Describe the structure of human teeth, limited to enamel, dentine, pulp, nerves and cement, as well as the gums
β’ Describe the functions of the types of human teeth in mechanical digestion of food
β’ State the causes of dental decay in terms of a coating of bacteria and food on teeth, the bacteria respiring sugars in the food, producing acid which dissolves the enamel and dentine
β’ Describe the proper care of teeth in terms of diet and regular brushing7.4 Chemical digestion
Core
β’ State the significance of chemical digestion in the alimentary canal in producing small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed
β’ State the functions of enzymes as follows:
β amylase breaks down starch to simpler sugars
β protease breaks down protein to amino acids
β lipase breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol
β’ State where, in the alimentary canal, amylase, protease and lipase are secreted
β’ State the functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, limited to killing bacteria in food and giving an acid pH for enzymes
β’ State the significance of chemical digestion in the alimentary canal in producing small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed
β’ State the functions of enzymes as follows:
β amylase breaks down starch to simpler sugars
β protease breaks down protein to amino acids
β lipase breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol
β’ State where, in the alimentary canal, amylase, protease and lipase are secreted
β’ State the functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, limited to killing bacteria in food and giving an acid pH for enzymes
Supplement
β’ Describe the digestion of starch in the alimentary canal:
β amylase is secreted into the alimentary canal and breaks down starch to maltose
β maltose is broken down by maltase to glucose on the membranes of the epithelium lining the small intestine
β’ Describe pepsin and trypsin as two protease enzymes that function in different parts of the alimentary canal:
β pepsin in the stomach
β trypsin in the small intestine
β’ Explain the functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, limited to the low pH:
β denaturing enzymes in harmful microorganisms in food
β giving the optimum pH for pepsin activity
β’ Outline the role of bile in neutralising the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach, to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action
β’ Outline the role of bile in emulsifying fats to increase the surface area for the chemical digestion of fat to fatty acids and glycerol by lipase7.5 Absorption
Core
β’ Identify the small intestine as the region for the absorption of digested food
β’ State that water is absorbed in both the small intestine and the colon, but that most absorption of water happens in the small intestine
Supplement
β’ Explain the significance of villi and microvilli in increasing the internal surface area of the small intestine
β’ Describe the structure of a villus
β’ Describe the roles of capillaries and lacteals in villi
β’ Describe the digestion of starch in the alimentary canal:
β amylase is secreted into the alimentary canal and breaks down starch to maltose
β maltose is broken down by maltase to glucose on the membranes of the epithelium lining the small intestine
β’ Describe pepsin and trypsin as two protease enzymes that function in different parts of the alimentary canal:
β pepsin in the stomach
β trypsin in the small intestine
β’ Explain the functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, limited to the low pH:
β denaturing enzymes in harmful microorganisms in food
β giving the optimum pH for pepsin activity
β’ Outline the role of bile in neutralising the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach, to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action
β’ Outline the role of bile in emulsifying fats to increase the surface area for the chemical digestion of fat to fatty acids and glycerol by lipase7.5 Absorption
Core
β’ Identify the small intestine as the region for the absorption of digested food
β’ State that water is absorbed in both the small intestine and the colon, but that most absorption of water happens in the small intestine
Supplement
β’ Explain the significance of villi and microvilli in increasing the internal surface area of the small intestine
β’ Describe the structure of a villus
β’ Describe the roles of capillaries and lacteals in villi
8 Transport in plants
8.1 Transport in plants
Core
β’ State the functions of xylem and phloem
β’ Identify the position of xylem and phloem as seen in sections of roots, stems and leaves, limited to non-woody dicotyledonous plants8.2 Water uptake
β’ State the functions of xylem and phloem
β’ Identify the position of xylem and phloem as seen in sections of roots, stems and leaves, limited to non-woody dicotyledonous plants8.2 Water uptake
Core
β’ Identify root hair cells, as seen under the light microscope, and state their functions
β’ State the pathway taken by water through root, stem and leaf as root hair cell, root cortex cells, xylem and mesophyll cells
β’ Investigate, using a suitable stain, the pathway of water through the above-ground parts of a plant
β’ Identify root hair cells, as seen under the light microscope, and state their functions
β’ State the pathway taken by water through root, stem and leaf as root hair cell, root cortex cells, xylem and mesophyll cells
β’ Investigate, using a suitable stain, the pathway of water through the above-ground parts of a plant
Supplement
β’ Explain that the large surface area of root hairs increases the rate of the absorption of water by osmosis and ions by active transport8.3 Transpiration
β’ Explain that the large surface area of root hairs increases the rate of the absorption of water by osmosis and ions by active transport8.3 Transpiration
Core
β’ State that water is transported from the roots to leaves through the xylem vessels
β’ Define transpiration as loss of water vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapour through the stomata
β’ Investigate and describe the effects of variation of temperature and humidity on transpiration rate
β’ State that water is transported from the roots to leaves through the xylem vessels
β’ Define transpiration as loss of water vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapour through the stomata
β’ Investigate and describe the effects of variation of temperature and humidity on transpiration rate
Supplement
β’ Explain how water vapour loss is related to the large surface area of cell surfaces, interconnecting air spaces and stomata
β’ Explain the mechanism by which water moves upwards in the xylem in terms of a transpiration pull that draws up a column of water molecules, held together by cohesion
β’ Explain how and why wilting occurs
β’ Explain the effects of variation of temperature and humidity on transpiration rate8.4 Translocation
β’ Explain how water vapour loss is related to the large surface area of cell surfaces, interconnecting air spaces and stomata
β’ Explain the mechanism by which water moves upwards in the xylem in terms of a transpiration pull that draws up a column of water molecules, held together by cohesion
β’ Explain how and why wilting occurs
β’ Explain the effects of variation of temperature and humidity on transpiration rate8.4 Translocation
Supplement
β’ Define translocation in terms of the movement of sucrose and amino acids in
phloem:
β from regions of production (source)
β to regions of storage OR to regions where they are used in respiration or growth (sink)
β’ Explain that some parts of a plant may act as a source and a sink at different times during the life of a plant
9 Transport in animals
9.1 Transport in animals
β’ Define translocation in terms of the movement of sucrose and amino acids in
phloem:
β from regions of production (source)
β to regions of storage OR to regions where they are used in respiration or growth (sink)
β’ Explain that some parts of a plant may act as a source and a sink at different times during the life of a plant
9 Transport in animals
9.1 Transport in animals
Core
β’ Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
β’ Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
Supplement
β’ Describe the single circulation of a fish
β’ Describe the double circulation of a mammal
β’ Explain the advantages of a double circulation9.2 Heart
β’ Describe the single circulation of a fish
β’ Describe the double circulation of a mammal
β’ Explain the advantages of a double circulation9.2 Heart
Core
β’ Name and identify the structures of the mammalian heart, limited to the muscular wall, the septum, the left and right ventricles and atria, one-way valves and coronary arteries
β’ State that blood is pumped away from the heart into arteries and returns to the heart in veins
β’ State that the activity of the heart may be monitored by ECG, pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves closing
β’ Investigate and state the effect of physical activity on the pulse rate
β’ Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors as diet, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and gender
β’ Name and identify the structures of the mammalian heart, limited to the muscular wall, the septum, the left and right ventricles and atria, one-way valves and coronary arteries
β’ State that blood is pumped away from the heart into arteries and returns to the heart in veins
β’ State that the activity of the heart may be monitored by ECG, pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves closing
β’ Investigate and state the effect of physical activity on the pulse rate
β’ Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors as diet, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and gender
Supplement
β’ Name and identify the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in the mammalian heart
β’ Explain the relative thickness:
β of the muscle wall of the left and right ventricles
β of the muscle wall of the atria compared to that of the ventricles
β’ Explain the importance of the septum in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
β’ Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action of the valves
β’ Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate
β’ Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease
β’ Describe ways in which coronary heart disease may be treated, limited to drug treatment with aspirin and surgery (stents, angioplasty and by-pass)9.3 Blood and lymphatic vessels
β’ Name and identify the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in the mammalian heart
β’ Explain the relative thickness:
β of the muscle wall of the left and right ventricles
β of the muscle wall of the atria compared to that of the ventricles
β’ Explain the importance of the septum in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
β’ Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action of the valves
β’ Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate
β’ Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease
β’ Describe ways in which coronary heart disease may be treated, limited to drug treatment with aspirin and surgery (stents, angioplasty and by-pass)9.3 Blood and lymphatic vessels
Core
β’ Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries
β’ Name the main blood vessels to and from the:
β heart, limited to vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
β lungs, limited to the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
β kidney, limited to the renal artery and renal vein
β’ Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries
β’ Name the main blood vessels to and from the:
β heart, limited to vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
β lungs, limited to the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
β kidney, limited to the renal artery and renal vein
Supplement
β’ Explain how the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted for their functions
β’ State the function of arterioles, venules and shunt vessels
β’ Outline the lymphatic system in terms of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
β’ Describe the function of the lymphatic system in the circulation of body fluids and the protection of the body from infection9.4 Blood
β’ Explain how the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted for their functions
β’ State the function of arterioles, venules and shunt vessels
β’ Outline the lymphatic system in terms of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
β’ Describe the function of the lymphatic system in the circulation of body fluids and the protection of the body from infection9.4 Blood
Core
β’ List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
β’ Identify red and white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs
β’ State the functions of the following components of blood:
β red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of haemoglobin
β white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production
β platelets in clotting (details are not required)
β plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide
β’ List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
β’ Identify red and white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs
β’ State the functions of the following components of blood:
β red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of haemoglobin
β white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production
β platelets in clotting (details are not required)
β plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide
Supplement
β’ Identify lymphocyte and phagocyte white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs
β’ State the functions of:
β lymphocytes
β antibody production
β phagocytes
β phagocytosis
β’ Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh
β’ State the roles of blood clotting as preventing blood loss and preventing the entry of pathogens
β’ Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid (details of the roles of water potential and hydrostatic pressure are not required)10 Diseases and immunity
10.1 Diseases and immunity
β’ Identify lymphocyte and phagocyte white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs
β’ State the functions of:
β lymphocytes
β antibody production
β phagocytes
β phagocytosis
β’ Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh
β’ State the roles of blood clotting as preventing blood loss and preventing the entry of pathogens
β’ Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid (details of the roles of water potential and hydrostatic pressure are not required)10 Diseases and immunity
10.1 Diseases and immunity
Core
β’ Define pathogen as a disease-causing organism
β’ Define transmissible disease as a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another
β’ State that the pathogen for a transmissible disease may be transmitted either through direct contact, e.g. through blood or other body fluids, or indirectly, e.g. from contaminated surfaces or food, from animals, or from the air
β’ State that the body has defences:
β mechanical barriers, limited to skin and hairs in the nose
β chemical barriers, limited to mucus and stomach acid
β cells, limited to phagocytosis and antibody production by white blood cells
β which can be enhanced by vaccination
β’ Define pathogen as a disease-causing organism
β’ Define transmissible disease as a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another
β’ State that the pathogen for a transmissible disease may be transmitted either through direct contact, e.g. through blood or other body fluids, or indirectly, e.g. from contaminated surfaces or food, from animals, or from the air
β’ State that the body has defences:
β mechanical barriers, limited to skin and hairs in the nose
β chemical barriers, limited to mucus and stomach acid
β cells, limited to phagocytosis and antibody production by white blood cells
β which can be enhanced by vaccination
Supplement
β’ State that antibodies lock on to antigens leading to direct destruction of pathogens, or marking of pathogens for destruction by phagocytes
β’ Explain how each pathogen has its own antigens, which have specific shapes, so specific antibodies which fit the specific shapes of the antigens are needed
β’ Define active immunity as defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body
β’ Explain that active immunity is gained after an infection by a pathogen, or by vaccination
β’ Explain the process of vaccination:
β harmless pathogen given which has antigens
β antigens trigger an immune response by lymphocytes which produce antibodies
β memory cells are produced that give long-term immunity10.1 Diseases and immunity continued
β’ State that antibodies lock on to antigens leading to direct destruction of pathogens, or marking of pathogens for destruction by phagocytes
β’ Explain how each pathogen has its own antigens, which have specific shapes, so specific antibodies which fit the specific shapes of the antigens are needed
β’ Define active immunity as defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body
β’ Explain that active immunity is gained after an infection by a pathogen, or by vaccination
β’ Explain the process of vaccination:
β harmless pathogen given which has antigens
β antigens trigger an immune response by lymphocytes which produce antibodies
β memory cells are produced that give long-term immunity10.1 Diseases and immunity continued
Core
β’ Explain the importance of hygienic food preparation, good personal hygiene, waste disposal and sewage treatment in controlling the spread of disease
β’ Explain the importance of hygienic food preparation, good personal hygiene, waste disposal and sewage treatment in controlling the spread of disease
Supplement
β’ Explain the role of vaccination in controlling the spread of diseases
β’ Explain that passive immunity is a short-term defence against a pathogen by antibodies acquired from another individual, e.g. mother to infant
β’ State that memory cells are not produced in passive immunity
β’ Explain the importance of passive immunity for breastfed infants
β’ State that some diseases are caused by the immune system targeting and destroying body cells, limited to Type 1 diabetes11 Gas exchange in humans
β’ Explain the role of vaccination in controlling the spread of diseases
β’ Explain that passive immunity is a short-term defence against a pathogen by antibodies acquired from another individual, e.g. mother to infant
β’ State that memory cells are not produced in passive immunity
β’ Explain the importance of passive immunity for breastfed infants
β’ State that some diseases are caused by the immune system targeting and destroying body cells, limited to Type 1 diabetes11 Gas exchange in humans
11.1 Gas exchange in humans
Core
β’ List the features of gas exchange surfaces in humans, limited to large surface area, thin surface, good blood supply and good ventilation with air
β’ Name and identify the lungs, diaphragm, ribs, intercostal muscles, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and associated capillaries
β’ State the differences in composition between inspired and expired air, limited to oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour
β’ Use limewater as a test for carbon dioxide to investigate the differences in composition between inspired and expired air
β’ Investigate and describe the effects of physical activity on rate and depth of breathing
Core
β’ List the features of gas exchange surfaces in humans, limited to large surface area, thin surface, good blood supply and good ventilation with air
β’ Name and identify the lungs, diaphragm, ribs, intercostal muscles, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and associated capillaries
β’ State the differences in composition between inspired and expired air, limited to oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour
β’ Use limewater as a test for carbon dioxide to investigate the differences in composition between inspired and expired air
β’ Investigate and describe the effects of physical activity on rate and depth of breathing
Supplement
β’ Name and identify the internal and external intercostal muscles
β’ State the functions of the cartilage in the trachea
β’ Explain the role of the ribs, the internal and external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in producing volume and pressure changes in the thorax leading to the ventilation of the lungs
β’ Explain the differences in composition between inspired and expired air
β’ Explain the link between physical activity and rate and depth of breathing in terms of the increased carbon dioxide concentration in the blood, detected by the brain, causing an increased rate of breathing
β’ Explain the role of goblet cells, mucus and ciliated cells in protecting the gas exchange system from pathogens and particles
β’ Name and identify the internal and external intercostal muscles
β’ State the functions of the cartilage in the trachea
β’ Explain the role of the ribs, the internal and external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in producing volume and pressure changes in the thorax leading to the ventilation of the lungs
β’ Explain the differences in composition between inspired and expired air
β’ Explain the link between physical activity and rate and depth of breathing in terms of the increased carbon dioxide concentration in the blood, detected by the brain, causing an increased rate of breathing
β’ Explain the role of goblet cells, mucus and ciliated cells in protecting the gas exchange system from pathogens and particles
