It is rare in the history of the war that war changes from one nature to another, that is, a war has two natures for both sides of the war. From 1337 to 1453 AD, Britain and France first fought for power and interests over the issue of the succession of the throne, and then it evolved into the British invasion of France, and France was forced to carry out a counter-invasion. The nature of the war changed from feudal dynasty melee to aggression and counter-aggression. It completely went against the expectations of the rulers of the British and French dynasties.

In the Middle Ages, the British kings became the main vassals of the French kings in large territories through a series of marriages with France. In 1346, King Edward III of England finally made a claim to the inheritance of the entire kingdom of France. In 1328, the French Capetian dynasty died out, and Philip VI of the Qinghua Luowa family succeeded to the throne. King Edward III of England competed for the succession of the Capetian dynasty as the grandson of the former king of the Capetian dynasty, Fatli IV.

In 1337, Edward III proclaimed the king of France, and King Fat force VI announced the recovery of all British territories in France and sent troops to occupy Yena, and the war began. In addition to the succession of the throne, the war was also for the wealthy Flanders and Aquitaine regions in France. The region has strong economic ties with the UK.

The French occupied the area in 1328, and King Edward III of England elected to ban the export of wool to the area. In order to maintain the source of raw materials, the Flanders region turned to support the British anti-French policy and recognized Edward III as the king of France and the supreme lord of Flanders, which further deepened the contradiction between Britain and France. This is also one of the basic reasons for the war.

The war was divided into four stages: 071 The first stage of the 100 World Wars (1337-1360), Britain and France competed for Flanders and Keene. In the Battle of Sluss (1340), the British navy severely damaged the French navy and won the sea dominance. At the Battle of Crecy in August 1346, the British gained a land advantage and captured the coastal fortress of Calais after an 11-month siege (1347).

After an armistice of almost 10 years, the French were again defeated at the Battle of Poitiers (1356). The British imposed unlimited exorbitant taxes and the French internal economy fell into a state of complete destruction, which led to the uprisings of the French people—the Paris uprising led by Marseille (1357-1358) and the Zaclay uprising (1358).

France was forced to sign a peace treaty at Bretin in 1360. The terms of the treaty were extremely harsh, which stipulated that the territory from the Loire to the south of the Pyrenees would be ceded to England. In the second stage of the war (1369-1380), in order to retake the British-occupied territories, the French King Charles V (reigned 1364-1380) reorganized the army and rectified the tax system. He replaced part of the Knights’ Militia with mercenary infantry, and established field artillery and a new fleet.

Djogren was appointed as the commander-in-chief (marshal) of the army and held great powers. By the end of the 1970s, the French army adopted raiding and guerrilla tactics, and by the end of the 1970s it had gradually forced the British army to retreat to the coastal areas. In order to preserve several French coastal ports and parts of Bordeaux and Baronne, and in view of the deteriorating domestic situation, Britain signed an armistice with France.

In the third phase of the war (1415-1424), France was weakened by the intensification of internal conflicts (infighting between the two feudal lords of the Burgundian and Amanyac groups; new uprisings by peasants and citizens), and Britain took the opportunity to restart the war. end. In 1415, the English defeated the French at the Battle of Agincourt and occupied northern France with the aid of the Duke of Burgundy, allied with them, thus forcing the French to sign a humiliating treaty at Troyes on May 21, 1420. peace treaty.

Under the terms of the peace treaty, France became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and France. King Henry V of England declared himself the Regent of France and had the right to inherit the French throne after the death of King Charles VI of France.

However, both Charles VI and Henry V died suddenly in 1422. As the struggle for the throne (1422-1423) intensified, France was sacked and divided by the invaders, and the situation was very difficult. Contributions, taxes and reparations weigh heavily on the inhabitants of the British occupation. Thus, for France, the war for the throne has turned into a war of national liberation.

In the fourth stage of the war (1424-1453), with the participation of the people in the war, the fighting was more widely carried out (especially in Normandy). It was Joan of Arc who led the struggle. The nature of the war changed; on the French side it was a just war against British aggression, while on the British side it was an aggressive unjust war.

Joan of Arc was born in the village of Duriemi, at the junction of Xianghe and Lorraine in northern France, and began her life as a shepherd from an early age. The hard life made her gradually become a girl with strong character, not afraid of difficulties and daring to fight. In 1428, she asked the crown prince three times to state her plan to save the country.

On April 27, 1429, the crown prince conferred the title of “commander-in-chief of war” on Joan of Arc. She was fully armored, with a sword hanging from her waist, holding a large flag with the words “Jesus Mary” embroidered on it, mounted a war horse, and led 3,000-4,000 people to Orleans. Orleans has been surrounded by British forces for half a year.

Joan of Arc first launched a fierce attack from the weak link of the British siege, and the British army was unable to resist and fled in all directions. At 8:00 p.m. on April 29, Joan of Arc rode a white horse and entered Orleans under the guidance of a pennant. All the soldiers and civilians in the city welcomed her with torches.

The bell of the liberation of Orleans is ringing! Joan of Arc led the French army with high morale, and quickly conquered the Fortress of Saint-Rope, the Fortress of Augustine, and the Fortress of Torres. People sang hymns to praise Joan of Arc’s exploits, calling her “the girl of Orleans”.

On May 8, Orleans, which had been besieged by the British for 209 days, was finally freed. The victory of the Battle of Orleans reversed France’s precarious situation throughout the war, and the war has since developed in France’s favor. Then, Joan of Arc led the army to regain many northern territories. Joan of Arc has become an “angel”, and people are singing her praises everywhere, calling her a “saint”.

The king gave her a lot of wealth and the title of “noble”, but she refused to accept it, determined to continue the cause of liberating France. However, the court nobles and the generals of Charles VII were not satisfied with the expansion of the influence of this “ordinary peasant girl”.

They were afraid that the people were more powerful than the British, and they deliberately murdered Joan of Arc. In 1430, when Joan of Arc and her troops were passed over by the British and retreated back to the city during the battle near Cambian, these feudal lords kept her outside the city, and finally sold her to the British for 40,000 francs. On the morning of May 29, 1431, Joan of Arc was burned alive under the city of Rouen after being tortured, and her ashes were thrown into the Seine River. Joan of Arc was not yet 20 years old when she died.

Joan of Arc’s death aroused great indignation and high patriotic enthusiasm among the French people. Under the pressure of the people’s movement, the French authorities reorganized the army. In 1437 the French captured Paris, in 1441 the 100th war that affected the world recaptured incense, in 1450 recaptured Maine and Normandy, and in 1453 recaptured Keen. On October 19, 1453, the British surrendered in Bordeaux, ending the war.

The Hundred Years War lasted for 116 years from 1337 to 1453, which brought serious disasters to the French people and also promoted the awakening of the French national consciousness.

The marriage of kings not only fails to solve the problem of long-term stability, but also easily leads to competition for the right to the throne and war. The national heroine Joan of Arc bravely defended national interests and sacrificed her life for national liberation, awakening the national consciousness of the people and invigorating the national spirit.

The victory of the People’s Liberation War not only freed France from the domination of the invaders, but also united the French people. The national sentiments were rapidly strengthened, and the king received the loyal support of his subjects. As a result, the feudal monarchy evolved into a feudal autocratic monarchy, and the kingship was further strengthened.

After the war, Britain, after experiencing a period of internal political disputes, also established a centralized absolute monarchy. In this war, the British mercenaries were superior to the French feudal cavalry militia, which led to the establishment of a standing mercenary army in France for the first time.

The cavalry has lost its former role, and the role of the infantry, especially those of the archers who can successfully fight with the cavalry, has increased. Although firearms were not as good as bows and crossbows at that time, they were more and more widely used in various operations. These have an important influence on the construction of the British and French armies and even the armies of Western European countries.