Types of linguistic studies
Linguistic studies can be divided into several aspects:
Historical linguistics (Dichotomies and language) can be divided into
- Synchronic study is the study of linguistic features of languages during different eras .
- A diachronic study is the study of the history of languages and groups of languages. and structural changes occurring in different eras
Theoretical and applied linguistics
- theoretical linguistics (Or general linguistics) is to assign a description to each language. and comprehensively formulate theories on different aspects of language.
- applied linguistics will apply various linguistic theories to other fields
Contextual and Independent Linguistics
- Contextual linguistics It is an explanation of the use of language by humans, such as the social function of language. how to use language and how to create and perceive human language
- Context-free linguistics It is the study of the language itself. without considering various external factors involved
However, these two terms are not clearly distinguished . (Encyclopædia Britannica) therefore uses the term macro-linguistics. (macrolinguistics) and micro-linguistics (microlinguistics) instead
From these different perspectives, linguists Or theoretical linguists, in general, they study independent theoretical synchronic linguistics, which is known as the core of linguistics.
The narrow view of linguistics
It may not be as widely applied as mentioned above. In some cases the best definition for linguistics would be a subject taught in a university’s linguistics department, and a linguist would be one. Professor in the Department of Linguistics Narrow linguistics often does not address learning to speak a foreign language. (unless it helps to better see the formal model of the language) and does not include Literary analysis, it is only sometimes necessary to study some content, such as a metaphor.
Sometimes these definitions cannot be applied to normative research. as found in the work The Element of Style by Strunk ( William Strunk, Jr.) and E.B. White , linguists tend to explore how speakers use languages. rather than to determine how language users should use the language. Determining who is or isn’t linguist It is possible that it will take a long time to judge.
Linguistic research related to other disciplines
- anthropological linguistics
- applied linguistics
- human perception science
- comparative linguistics
- computational linguistics
- natural language processing
- voice recognition of the speaker (for ensuring the rights of users)
- sound processing
- speech recognition
- speech synthesis
- Critical Analysis
- cryptography
- decoding
- evolutionary linguistics
- larynx science
- historical linguistics
- language knowledge
- neuro-linguistics
- orthography
- linguistic psychology
- second language knowledge
- social linguistics
- stratified linguistics
- textual linguistics
- writing system
Research field in linguistics
- etymology
- Historical comparative linguistics
- dictionary
- phonetics
- phonology
- practical science
- semantics
- syntax
- theoretical linguistics
- computational linguistics
- warehousing linguistics
- explanatory linguistics
- language style
- semiotics
Spoken and written languages
Most contemporary linguists conduct their research under the premise that spoken language is fundamental. and is more important to education than written language. Reasons supporting this assumption include:
Spoken language is universal for human beings. (human-universal), while many cultures and linguistic communities do not have a written language. Humans can learn to speak and process spoken language much easier and easier than writing. human perception scientists Some claim that the brain has a language module. The language module here is instinctive, whose knowledge can later be enhanced by learning the spoken language rather than learning from written language. especially because the spoken language has evolved while the written language Compared to the later invention.
Of course, linguists still agree that The study of written language is also valuable. For research in linguistics that uses the method. In corpus linguistics and computational linguistics, written languages are much more convenient to process large linguistic data than a large corpus of colloquialism. Difficult to build and seek. However, spoken language archives are still commonly used in the form of transcription.
In addition, the study of writing systems is also a branch of linguistics.
Speakers, linguistic communities, and the linguistic universe
Linguists are different. according to the group of language users that those linguists studied Some groups will analyze individual language or language development if looking more closely. Others study languages that are still used in large language communities, such as the dialects of the spoken people. African American English Also known as ebonics, some people try to find out. linguistic universe which will be applied to explain linguistic phenomena in every human language. Linguistics, Psychology, and Human Cognitive Sciencesturned more attention to this science. have thought that The universe of human language may lead to solving the mystery of the universe about the human mind .
Definitive Linguistics and Descriptive Linguistics
Research in linguistics is often purely descriptive , that is, linguists will find ways to shed light on the nature of language. without pre-determining the method or trying to determine the direction of the language in the future However, there are both professional and amateur linguists who Prescribe rules for language rules. There will be specific standards for others to follow.
Ruler Prescriptivists can often be found in language teachers at different levels. These professionals have clear rules that decide what is right and what is wrong and may be responsible for the correct use of language among the next generation. Most of the control languages are Languages that are close to the standard language ( en:acrolect ) of a language. The reason these regulatory makers can’t tolerate misuse of language may be due to their dislike of the language.
Emerging words ( en:neologism ) , socially unacceptable dialects ( en:basilect ), or little contradiction to rigid theories. Extremist regulators may be seen among censors. The goal of this group is to eliminate words and grammatical structures that are thought to undermine society.
On the other hand, the regulator (Descriptivist) will try to find the root of Incorrect use of language The normative explainer describes the use of such language as specific language use (idiosyncratic usage) or may discover rules that may be contrary to the regulator Descriptive linguistics , in the context of fieldwork ( en:fieldwork ) , refers to the study of language through the guidance of a normative explainer. The normative method is closer to the scientific method in other academic fields than the normative method.
